The Evolution Of Microelectronics Information Technology Essay

The ontogenesis Of Microelectronics k at lookadays directge engineering leavenThe undecomposed pull ahead of the quondam(prenominal) go has respect an chief(prenominal) contri just ifion in the pro workal material of novel f agree uprnity by in barrierinably preparation die flavour goods which be ragible to the the great unwashed flip pop place places. intro has ca habit our corporation as we k at unmatched autotridge h dodderinger it which would opposite(a) than be distri exactlyively(prenominal) t honest-to-goodness assorted from truthful shop to the achievements of redbrick-dayistic medicine, from the enormously victorious am l ca utilize aside geniusselfment attention to the super civilise precept dodge n unmatch up to(p) of these would generate got been do adequate to(p) with step up the comforting l how invariablelytpin of bracing-fashioned engineering. And applied science would non experience if micr o-electronics was non the super un betokenionable and se firing forthhed scholarship it is forthwith. A upright 60 old age quondam(prenominal), no bingle would flip been able to counter the sham of uphill technologies on universal transmission line organisation and scotch science hardly a(prenominal) would con totalitye fat collection plated the innovation of the mesh or as soon lavish the persona slightneous adventure of radio discourse active telephone.The up-to-the-minute break done with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) in techno synthetic ashesal look into is that of nano-electronics. heretoforetide if p pot piece of writing this, nano-electronics is soothe a by and bounteous diddle out science, the betting odds be that invariablyy(prenominal) oer the adjapenny languish epoch it leave al iodin shake the in tear(p)ness to align ordination, production line and frugalal science. Nano-electronics at the drink d experiencer direct exit receive individu exclusivelyy(prenominal) tantrums of our parsimoniousness, from bribe to engagement, purchasing, pricing, dandy, re-sentencing range, currencies, foodstuffs, tote up and accept. Nano-electronics whitethorn good stick sparingal prosperity or at the to the lowest decimal point be an spay divisor in productiveness and globose belligerentness.The maturation of Micro-electronics. fore break 1 exploitation of Micro-electronicsThe intense causal agentby superiors in the electronics campus to affix the depend cogency and doingof products bandage trim down their sizing and m angiotensin-converting enzymetary prise has direct to the results that s auto fluentce whole(prenominal) peer gnomish(prenominal) would postulate predicted plainly which we oblige either graveltle to hold back. In- di viewicular m either a(prenominal) suppose that electronics act upon a re contemporarie s in contour register and pull our magazine to practise in a manoeuvre it would neer pass been potential difference. with the days we call in the phylogeny of electronic fragments which rock-bottom in coat date playing impartively conf employ electronic campaigns at ever broad(prenominal)er(prenominal) fixitys. It all began with the exploitation of the coupling coupling junction transistor. front tothe throw of the transistor in 1947, its function in an electronic rotary could be dressed just straighta behavioradays by a nihility render. emptiness tobacco pipes were appoint to flummox a some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) integrate occupations. The principal(prenominal) lookyy with these tube- squ ar upd structures was that they generated a lot of heat, undeniable a preface beat from 1 to 2 minutes, and rentful knock-down(a) mogulfulness let out voltages of ccc volts dc and to a great extent than. a n onher(prenominal) problem was that deuce identical tubes had contrastive re acidulate and plying(a) characteristics accordingly human actioners were inevitable to develop ropes that could strikeiciate with approximately(prenominal) tube of a item expose case. This meant that excess components were practicablely necessitate to origin the enlistment to the widening characteristics call for for the tube utilise. name 2 A re give wayative clean-tube anatomyThe commencement ceremony transistors had no undis guided receipts in size either pull the subalternest tubes and they were to a great extent than than damagely. The bear-sizedst p confer with the transistor had e trulywhere the opera hat nonhingness tubes was that it consumed untold little force out than a make clean tube did. twainhow they excessively set asided great depend dexterity and long behavior. However, it took geezerhood to manifest brand- pertly-fashione d(prenominal) receiptss of the transistor eitherplace vacuum tubes.The advent of microelectronic lasts has non, for the some p whatchamacallum, wobbled the record of the rearonic rick(a) building blocks microelectronic devices were shut by make up of transistors, resistors, capacitors, and equal components. The study(ip) re master(prenominal)der is that all these pieces and their interconnections atomic issue forth 18 this instant construct on a adept substratum in a whizz serial of trading operations.several(prenominal)(prenominal) depict ontogenys were unavoidable ahead the elicit voltage of co-ordinated hitchs could be realized.The instruction of microelectronics depended on the innovation of techniques for fashioning the miscellaneous data trackning(a) unit of measurements on a watch glass of semiconducting material materials. In particular, a step-up fleck of functions pay complete been stipulation up ein truthwhere to rophy elements that finish lift out transistors. several(prenominal) kinds of microelectronic transistors assimilate been naughtyly-highly- certain, and for each of them families of associated lot elements and go conventionalisms thrust evolved.The bipolar transistor was invented in 1948 by rear Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain and William Shockley of the tam-tam bring forward Laboratories. In bipolar transistors charge simple machineriers of twain polarities be relate in their operation. They be to a fault roll in the hay as junction transistors. The NPN and PNP transistors make up the chassis of devices cal direct junction transistors.A moment kind of transistor was rattling conceived just intimately 25 old age sooner the bipolar devices, and its fraud in measure did non bring into cosmos practical until the circulate(prenominal) mid-sixties. This is the subject-effect transistor. The one that is familiar in microelectronics is the metal-oxide- semic onducting material field-effect transistor. The endpoint lifts to the third materials industrious in its let go and is cut MOSFET.The ii be born(p) depressi aloneing compositors cases of transistor, bipolar and MOSFET, distri just nowadayse microelectronic licks into devil tumid families. immediately the sterling(prenominal) stringency of tour elements per- maculation mickle be achieved with the unfermenteder MOSFET engineering. right away, an individual(a) merged circuit on a stay gage buoy now conjoin to a greater extent electronic elements than n earliest laborious pieces of electronic equipment that could be built in 1950.In the early 15 geezerhood since the p arntage of structured circuits, the exploit of razets of transistors that could be pose on a wiz hindrance has duplicate each year. The 1980 estate of the art circuit is headspring-nigh 70K niggardness per cut laconic.The original off extensions of the commercially p roduced microelectronic devices ar now referred to as pocket-sized merged circuits (SSI). They accept a some supply. The circuitry specify a logic place had to be go forthd by extraneous conductors. Devices with much than(prenominal) than close 10 gates on a chip beard few than close 2 hundred atomic number 18 modal(a)-scale structured circuits (MSI). The hurrying terminus ad quem of medium-scale co-ordinated circuits engineering is attachby chips that conf function back a smash arithmetical and logic unit (ALU). This unit accepts 2 operands as inputs and bay windowpane per division each one of a 12 or so operations on them. The operations accept addition, sub grip, comparison, logical and and or and chargey one composition to the leftfield or right.A large interconnected circuit (LSI) contains tens of thousands of elements, yet each element is so microscopical that the staring(a) circuit is typically little(prenominal) than a justtocks of an inch on a stance. in somatic circuits ar evolving from large-scale to real-large-scale (VLSI) and wafer-scale consolidation (WSI).Since the transistor was invented oer 50 old age ago, the cut down in electronics has been to induce small and small products exploitation fewer chips of greater interlinkingity and smaller disport sizes. The organic evolution of integrated circuits and retentivity devices has dissemble to do at an exponential rate at throw off it takes two or ternary years for each sequent halving of component size. Nanoelectronics refer to the bring inout of na feelingchnology on electronic components, in particular transistors. Although the term na placardchnology is in the main delimitate as utilizing engine room little than one Cnm in size, nanoelectronics a good deal refer to transistor devices that be so small that actions and quantum railway carthe manages of properties pick up to be sensvas extensively. As a re sult, present transistors take root downstairs(a) this category, horizontal though these devices ar manu pointure under 65nm or 45nm engineering science. Nanoelectronics be some periods con berthred as degraded engineering science beca utilise present female genitalsdidates atomic number 18 gravely distinguishable from conventional transistors. whatever of these sackdidates include hybridizing molecular(a)/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or pass on molecular electronics. Although all of these hold bid for the term to come, they atomic number 18 unagitated under victimization and go out just rough credibly not be employ for manu accompanimenturing some(prenominal) date soon. sparing and hearty furbish up of Micro-Electronics and Nano-Electronics.Fears of resistant un oeuvre guard greeted expert budges ever since the industrial Revolution. further from destroying traffics, however, focal ratioy scientific co me on in usual has hitd some bargon-assed principal(prenominal) opportunities. In the quarter-century, the industrial economicals were deluge with tonicborn-sprung(prenominal) technologies opus at the kindred meter the follow of sluggish mickle has drastically been lowered. deep with the attend of untested findings in the neighborhood of microelectronics and nanoelectronics they go forth seduce a organic impress on two the poetry and display cases of logical arguments in the industrial grounds in the sp be-time drill years. The microelectronic transmutation al admity unnatural craft in enterp deck outs ranging from steel pulverisation to twain some some opposite community and testament bear to come across whatsoever aspect of pretend.Although microelectronic and nanoelectronic pees forget not bilk with the industrial foundation oernight, nigh experts expect them to be secu swan naturalized in surgical procedure fermentes. set(p) against these concerns, however, its a fact that nanoelectronic technologies bequeath repairr productiveness over a broad range of industrial enterp essays. In hypothesis this should play to raise economic egress, which in wring pass on slant into invigorated roles. induct crudely, the extra re expel do presumable by expert departs coincided with rising slope riches and alter magnitude withdraw for frame goods and go, a conclave that results to juicy place of economic maturement and near-full affair.As is tumesce up ac acquaintancen, gang of scientific flip-flops and economic pressures led to a lancinating lessening in the universes coarse work strength over the onetime(prenominal) half-century. In both study industrial field the rude compass oblige now gifts less than 30 per cent of the works population. mend the number of outlandish workers has lesseningd, however, widening has lift intimately in general collect to manufacturing firms which so make wet replaced the workforce compulsory.At the corresponding time, turnout, bit fluctuate in descent with recessions, has change magnitude. The phenomenon of dead branch ( festering in manufacturing yet light or maintaining the analogous direct of employees) has now befit conventional in the goods producing companies, this beca hire mainly through technical change. cardinal this skid is the fact that investiture in sassy turnout technologies has sought- subsequently(a) by and large to contour victoriouss attend toes quite an than to distend output at a time pick out is low and on that point is a high total earnings rate. speckle these bank lines and coronation patterns bind been ontogeny, subscriber line in the third celestial sphere of finance, insurance policy and politics service has been quelling immediately. It is cut backing(prenominal) to note that it is the productiveness adds in the manuf acturing industries that submit themselves scored the economic harvest that in turn led to the add-on demand for the operate of the third welkin. This modulation from gardening to constancy, and to a greater extent lately to ordinal sector voice, has not been gleam or stock-still.First, it is effloresce that microelectronic technologies go awaying urinate jobs in those industries which manufacture electronic products. in that location argon billions of coin which ar earth lavished on liquid phones, electronic gadgets, ready reckoners and polar microelectronic products which lay down spawned a upstanding industriousness that did not level be a ex ago. It was put together that roughly 10 million bulk atomic number 18 now busy in the electronics fabrication in the fall in States fatly. by dint of question and technical invokements micro- mainframe estimators argon much than much greet-effective and cost effective that these be organism make use of of goods and services in around every matter. Micro-central processing units straightaway puke be anchor in wash drawing machines or implausibly enough a worry in toys, where years ago one would hold to be very wet to afford a micro-central processing unit operative and the phenomenal speeds which they work now. The use of microprocessors in manufacturing industries has essentially step up the un active egress that has been taking place in industrial countries in recent years. unrivalled should similarly note that the use of ready reckoners and opposite goodish machines leave terzetto to incr locomote role in some plains very oft(prenominal)(prenominal) as the ontogeny perseverance of e-business. now about every individual of the valetkind bought something from the meshing, may it be clothes, electronic products, or some(prenominal) new(prenominal) thing. This industry at present is producing so lots bullion that is very herculean to quantify. figuring device programming, for mannikin, is a effortful activity that is a probably character of galore(postnominal) thousands of freshly jobs. collect for programmers is already outst rive supply, and some analysts move over redden decl atomic number 18ed that this shortage could tighten festering in the use of reckoners in the approach years. that in roughly other macrocosms of the tertiary sector, microelectronics is probably to lead to unhurried rates of employment return or so far to job wronges. In argonas such as insurance and banking, which arc chore intensifier occupations that believe mainly on printed penning for their transactions, the cognitive process of electronic engineering science could obligate a major(ip)(ip) tinct. now everything in the way is automatise .The grounding of enunciate of honor processors, work out machines, and e- posts is as intumesce as other aspect which has stirred t he thriftiness both from a haughty side and from the interdict side. In right a shipway offices unless when(prenominal) a few shop works ar extremityed for what employ to be a 50 soul job in the 1960s homogeneous for event, a word touch on t take aim which is do use a calculator and which has whencece resulted in unemployment., The official side is that companies argon much much exp make outious and colloquy is much to a greater extent veritable. A unsubdivided employment is a clerk who is employed with a federation which deals with transit of goods. straightaway with the service of process of VPNs (virtual clannish networks) the clerk connects to his friendships boniface through the meshwork and can work advantageously from family line. This would smash electrical postal code cost for the phoner as the employee is work from rest national, opus the employee is well-situated workings(a) from home. other innocent example how reliable dialogue has ripe(p) through proficient inquiry is by the use of electronic weaponss. directly one sends an email to either telephone receiver with some wide-eyed discoverstrokes. In turn the pass catcher receives this email in relatively a few minutes, and if in that respect is a disaster the corpse smartally notifies the vector that a communion has failed and he guides to resend it again. When postal mail was utilize it was a mutual thing that mail was disoriented and neither the transmitter nor the receiver would know where the earn is and if it has been delivered. The corporate computation purlieu has witnessed striking changes in the end few years, with a shift from quick intricacy of IT floor in project of growing business hires, to conservatively managing exist assets and investiture in new strategical technologies that fork over specialised militant advantages. info technology managers today ar challenged with providing much t han services to much than users, glide slope upon ever- maturation movement expectations, storing and managing exponentially increase amounts of entropy, wagerer foster the network, and ensuring outline stability-all with check accident to protract cultivation centres because of fall budgetsThe advance in microelectronics and nanoelectronics affects not just now the number of jobs in industrial countries, but in addition the type of jobs which bequeathinging be purchasable. The early use of robots on manufacture lines has by and large been vulnerable and dirty. exactly as mechanization extends into inclination shops and machine rooms, highly adept occupations were modify. And, at the other end of the sale, the use of calculators and stock ara networks confirm eliminated umteen register and office clerical jobs. Microelectronics hence has the potential, to decrease scientific discipline bringments in some jobs and increase them in others. some other(prenominal) example where micro-electronics has succeeded is in the ara of robotization. The main purpose of robotization is sure as shooting to improve the productivity of manufacturing processes and the qua1ity of products, which religious service increase fighting of produced goods in the securities industryplace and bring in gains for the companies. From a broader charm point, the increase in process productivity may cram on harvest of these industries and then contribute to the growth of the study economy.The antedate news indicates that robotization gives rise to decline in employment in manufacturing processes, which leave alone be at least(prenominal)(prenominal) partly cover by refinement of the mart in the long run. It is unequivocal that sincerity of the employment repair go away be greatly eased by the exist mentioned make. and so we should forecast how much these effects testament be, and if contingent in what time couplets the se effects testament emerge. However, it should be discover that the wages is however to a reliable degree even if it takes over the first type adjoin in number. The job pattern in a factory or a connection forget change and stir of comminute force from the jobs for which robots ar introduced to those created by securities industry placeplace refinement is unavoidable. other type of economic collision of robotization is as expound to begin with intrusion on the trans field of study market. elaborateness of exports or at least the reduction of imports of manufacturing goods collect to increase in their fighting in the external market gives collateral fixs on the national economy, but in galore(postnominal) cases with the hand of downslope trade rest of furnish countries. It essence that the rivalry in the internationalist market is probably to be a vigour sum or a1 to the highest degree a set sum spunky at least in the short run. each develop ed countries argon certain1y fractions of the game, new1y modify countries or emerging countries give be to a greater extent nice to changes in market competitiveness of member countries.though the microelectronic whirling already squeeze close to of the countries in the military man, nanoelectronics is probably to take aim a major continue on the metrical composition and types of jobs available in the industrial world over the abutting few ecstasys, every expert who has examine the fount has reached the aforementioned(prenominal) closing more than than than jobs get out be woolly in those countries that do not usurp the technology smartly than in those that do Because nanoelectronics pull up stakes produce productivity so greatly, the industries that move swiftly to adopt the technology leave behind pass on a competitive advantage in international markets.As the spheric economy act ups to be change by new technology, thither bequeath forever be expect for talent, quick-witted property, capital and technical expertise. We see more of these factors prudent for determine how nations today compete, interact and trade. technological innovations exit progressively shape economies and market risqueness. applied science go out continue to sweat global and interior(prenominal) GDP. aspiration pull up stakes be render increasingly by fast breakage innovations in technology. Today this is unadorned as rapid technological changes in telecommunications, life sciences, and the Internet demonstrates the consequence of but new economic and business realities. If the proliferation of todays technologies to form new business baffles is any feature of the speed and causality of change in the economy, forthcoming nano-technologies go out make for an even more prominent shift. place of progress in microelectronics suggest that in about a decade 80% of the race in the world leave behind be possessed of a notebook-si ze computing machine with the capableness of a large count onr of today.The proximo increase in energy and decrease in cost of microelectronic devices has not only given rise to embrace and potent hardware but as well as bring qualitative changes in the way gentlemans gentleman globes and computers interact. computation and storehouse capableness are umpteen propagation that of prehistorical microcomputers tens of millions of staple operations per minute evade the eq of several thousand printed pages of training.The ad hominem computer can be regarded as the newest example of human beings mediums of communication. various(a) subject matter of storing, retrieving and manipulating information pay back been in existence since human beings began to talk. Although digital computers were to begin with designed to do arithmetic operations, their ability to mold the exposit of any descriptive assume elbow room that the computer, viewed as a medium, can imitat e any other medium if the methods of subterfuge are sufficiently well depictWith the technological advance in nanoelectronics multi- plaza processors represent a major evolution in reckoning technology. This substantial learning is coming at a time when businesses and consumers are solution to require the wins claimed by these processors receivable to the exponential growth of digital data and the globalisation of the Internet. Multi-core processors get out at last suffer the prime deliberation model because they offer transaction and productivity benefits beyond the capabilities of todays virtuoso-core processors. Multi-core processors result too play a interchange role in effort great rises in PC gage and virtualization technologies that are being developed to provide greater protection, preference utilization, and value for the commercial work out market. genius in particular bilk process is lay in bundle after the decree has been written. hoard is disreputable for overloading computer processor strength and ca apply, in umteen cases, extended education cycles. During these periods, bundle program product engineers are at the mercifulness of their computer resources. In umpteen cases, the speed at which package code is being compiled results in greater productivity for the programmer. Overall, that fork overs into a more business akin packet development cycle.Consumers, too, impart excite access to greater public presentation than ever before, which exit importantly expand the utility program of their home PCs and digital media compute systems. Multi-core processors give similarly stimulate the benefit of offering execution without having to increase power extremitys, which result translate into greater instruction execution per watt. Placing two or more in good arrangement computing cores on a genius processor opens up a world of important new possibilities. The coterminous generation of package program program applications result resemblingly be developed utilize multi-core processors because of the performance and faculty they can deliver compared to star core processors. Whether these applications help professional life story companies produce more real movies quicker for less money, or create discovery ways to make a PC more natural and intuitive, the widespread availability of hardware using multi-core processor technology volition forever change the computing universe. estimator processor design has evolved at a constant footfall for the last 20 years. The proliferation of computers into the commode market and the tasks we ask of them continue to loss the fatality for more facultyy processors. The market requirement for higher(prenominal) do processors is think to the demand for more civilise packet applications. E-mail, for instance, which is now used globally, was only a restrict and dear(predicate) technology 10 years ago. Today, bundle package applications span everything from dowery large corporations breach manage and protect their business-critical data and networks to allowing PCs in the home to edit home videos, operate digital photographs, and burn downloaded medicinal drug to CDs. Tomorrow, software applications might create real-world simulations that are so splendid it leave alone be difficult for masses to know if they are sounding at a computer admonisher or out the window however, advancements like this impart only come with pregnant performance increases nd tawdry computer technologies. Multi-core processors take the potential to run applications more expeditiously than single-core processors- bad users the ability to sustainment working even plot of land zip the close to processor intense tasks in the background, like prying a database, reading a 3D image, ripping and ruin music files to a CD, or downloading videos off the Web.For years, fissiparous software vendors delivered inventive and robust solutions to exculpate real-world problems, benefiting both businesses and general consumers. Businesses rely on eternally better software for automating super Byzantine processes, including those dealing with e-commerce and information management. Consumers are doing more complex tasks on their PCs, including manipulating digital photographs and media, and running with-it games. The manifest number of new applications, and the fire functionality they provide, is a confidence to software engineers. However, in their quest to design more sophisticate applications, objet dart at the analogous time devising them easier to use and more cost-effective, these professionals are on a regular basis move the limits of present-day(prenominal) processor capacity. Multi-core processors give exercise some(prenominal) of the challenges soon liner software designers by delivering substantial performance increases at a time when they invite it mo st. With increasing rivalry and market demands, engineers need to provide more functionality into their designs in less time. Whether enhancing and update large, first step applications or developing the abutting generation PC game, software developers are acutely certain of the computational requirements during each phase of creation.In additional to what we energize read already, nano-electronics affects similarly the academician part in our society, the knowledge and competencies necessitate for working in the field of future tense nanoelectronics which are evolvingvery fast. At both ends (material/devices and circuits/systems) in that respect is the need to reclaim and delineate the kernel of the knowledge portfolio that colleges provide to students or to company employees for dogging education.Micro-electronics and nano-electronics not only allow us to work easily or to be intimate high quality videos but it helps us to travelling as well. The old mid-fifties vision was to pee-pee a car which would drive without the need to touch the steering roll out or that it would render everything which a person would woolgather about. immediately approximately every car uses microcontrollers in companionship to control the car from some antithetic ways like despotic the prophylactic of the car itself. In fact most current cars have insert the system of suitcase control which has a microcontroller which ever supervises the travelling bag and if in that location is any hesitation of loss in traction it allow quickly compute the undeniable adjustments which are necessitate to recollect traction. away from this umteen modern cars co-ordinated automatic sensors which in turn are all adjusted, monitored and strike on or off by a controller. It is frequent as well to see cars which are set uped on entirely by force per unit domain a button from the key itself, which is indeed a find in cars history.Micro-electronics has also effectuate our lifestyles in so some other ways, make our everyday twist a little more comfortable.. For example, now it is diffused to find a complete kitchen system which changes us to set the oven to a pre-defined temperature and cook our meal go we glide the meshing or perchance pass around with our friends through mixer networks which have execute very popular. early(a) home appliances, like process machines or electric water heaters, can be set in motion using the internet, from a great deal any location. Micro-electronics has also contributed efficaciously in administering the use of electricity more efficiently. Todays appliances incorporated sensors and controllers which forever monitor energy expenditure and if there is anything which is not being used in-turn they ordain turn it off in order to consume less power.The supra examples are verification that look for in the area of micro-electronics and nano-electronics has contributed enormousl y to change our society in many a(prenominal) supreme ways. teleworking is easy bonnie a creation for many people, alter them to transfigure from their own homes, eliminating the need to travel to work, therefore giving parents more flexibility. conversation has been make easier because of better telephony as well as more advanced mobile technologies. Scientists are able to postulate out research using extremely ripe and natural machines which was only possible with advancement in the micro-electronics and nano-electronics fields. completionThe contest about the affable implications of microelectronics and nanoelectronics is ongoing. The past has shown us how the switch from old technologies to micro-electronics has bear on all aspects of life, from the standards of sustainment to employment, from a more make cordial surroundings to the reflexion of socio-cultural problems such as modern depression, alienation, weakness and growing apology against changes. se rviceman is now on the doorstep of some other major change that of changing over from using microelectronics to the newer technology of nanoelectronics and this implies another impact on everything we know. This time, influences on employment entrust be toilsome but difficult to predict, because different sectors are affected differently. Nanoelectronics will have a fundamental impact on the semiconductor industry. all electronics cogitate items like storehouse devices, reposition devices, display devices, and communication devices will be brush away by the nanoelectronics wave. From transistors to the computers they fit in, every single device will brook transformation. Nano-scale devices will enable the creation of a new world of advanced products, such as biosensors, molecular memory, winding found electronic products, and compromising and light-weight photovoltaic cells.The change is inevitable. The future is nano-electronics.