Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Essay -- Karl Marx Communist Manife

Karl Marxs Views on Family Ethics Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Karl Marx devoted much of his time to the study of morality, better known as ethics. Karl Marx was a firm believer in Communism and he authored the Communist Manifesto, along with Frederick Engels. Family ethics is an issue dealt with by Karl Marx in his teachings and writings. According to Marx and his co-author, Engels, morality is the slave of interest. Moral codes and ethics are believed to be dependent on the person and relative to the social setting.1 Ethics are discussed on a philosophical level and also in common controversial topic discussions or debates. Marx was a huge supporter of emancipation and believed that freedom was a result of the Communist party and its beliefs. Karl Marx had little faith in the future of Capitalism and the system of Monarchy, and he believed that once these two ideas of politics were eliminated, Communism would move in and replace the wrong t houghts instilled with Capitalism and Monarchy, and provide the human being with sense and reason. Stating his feelings clearly in the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx noted that the selling point in the economy should be the population themselves, not the working labor, money, or remove from the property.2 To supplement these theories, Marx proposes an end to the problem of men and their activities, which is to direct mens attention on the economy so that there could be prevailing freedom. in that respect are some discrepancies in Marxs theories, like the question of what else has an impact on freedom. There are other issues, but the issue remains that people are unaware if freedom ethics applies to all people and how it affects the modern society. ... ...roposal for the world and Communism was too far-fetched and would not work. Every time there has been a push towards Communism, it has always failed. There have been several unsuccessful attempts, all ending in a pr oblematic dictatorship. While he did realize freedom was a major issue, he lacked in knowledge that family life was also significant. Notes1 Kamenka, Eugene. Marxism and Ethics. New York W.D. Hudson, 1969 - Pg. 4. 2 Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 13. 3 Heyer, Paul. Nature, Human Nature, and Society. Greenwood Press, 1982 Pg.126. 4 Heyer, Paul. Pg. 125. 5 Heyer, Paul. Pg. 127 6 Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 26. 7 Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 49. 8 Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 51. 9 Koren, Henry. Marx and the Authentic Man. Pittsburgh, PA, 1967 Pg. 33. 10 Koren, Henry. Pg. 67. 11 Koren, Henry. Pg. 68.

A Proper Victorian Marriage Proposal Essay -- Victorian Era

A Proper Marriage ProposalMr. Bradley Headstone, steadfast and uncontrolled, was met with denial from his beloved. By examining the etiquette apropos of an acceptable prim marriage proposal, and the affable rules associated with courtship, we may understand the failure of Headstones hasty attempt at love.A Note on Love, and FallingLove, and the expression of it, in the Victorian Era was characterized by strict social etiquette and idealized resideations. Courtship was fundamental to the process of falling in love, and in fact, for the upper and middle classes, it was this systematic social organization that allowed for the love and union of two people to be acceptable. A member of society could not fall into a fit of passion for another, express it freely, and expect an agreeable response. There was an admirable and proper way for a man to attain a wife. In general, for Victorians, the process of falling in love by means of courtship was a pleasant process if the proper measures of propriety were taken.Pre-Proposal MattersA humankind, upon determining a marriage prospect, bears in mind several bring up features that constitute an ideal lady and wife. For the stream of matrimony to be ventured upon, an essential partner must possess these qualities- accomplished manners, be an amiable person, have an consummate reputation, and a mind stored with virtuous principles (Lessels 25). Once this is determined and he feels love for the woman, the gentleman decides to proceed with the proposal process.The most important thing for a gentleman to do, once he has chosen a prospect, is to allow himself to reveal to the lady his character. Some menmay have all the traits of a gentleman- a beautiful exterior, and well skilled ... ...ue of monetary standing also comes into play after the proposal. In the dealings of settling the familys and the upcoming couples finances, allow candor and generosity actuate you in this difficult transaction (48).The Victorians allowed even love to be dictated by strict social order and control. However, it was shut up idealized as a blissful and ultimate convention. If all matters of propriety were considered, and if all is executed accordingly, we will assume these rocks and quicksands past, the engaged couple happy, and the wedding mean solar day at hand (Humphry 110).Works CitedHill, Averyl. Averyls Attic. Averyls Attic Design, Images & Text. 16 Mar 2005. .Humphry, Mrs. Manners for Men. London Pryor Publications, 1993.Lessels, Julie. The Etiquette of Love and Courtship. Sussex Copper Beech Publishing, 1995.

Religion and Spirituality Essay -- Religious Christianity Essays

Religion and Spirituality Since the dawn of human life, people have eternally been searching for the purpose of existence. Humans are innately curious beings, and are blessed to have the capabilities of higher thought processes. Humans use these thought processes to ponder the question of existence. Unfortunately, the exploitation of man has not brought the human race any closer to actualizing its purpose on earth. In fact, this issue is such that the more one feels he or she understands it, the more questions concerning it arise. This problem perpetuates itself by the confusion of religion and spirituality, and the roles they hold in society. As the human race evolves, it feels the need to designate structure to its world. As a means to provide structure, man creates both systems of hearty order, as well as systems of belief. The purpose of the two systems is to explain unknown phenomenon while creating an environment where societies merchant ship grow. Humans do t his because they have an innate drive to both explain the unknown in addition to perpetuating a society that holds common beliefs and values. One tidy sum define these two systems as religion and spirituality. The problem lies in the fact that these two systems are so closely intertwined that oftentimes they are confused as being synonymous. However, this is most definitely not the case. On the contrary, religions purpose is to create social structure and congruency. Religion is driven by social purpose, and can be exploited. In fact, a small part of every religion serves a selfish purpose rather than an honorable one. Religions purpose is completely different from the purpose of spirituality. Spirituality, on the other hand, deals with personal beliefs about ... .... Vol. 7. 230-282. 1971.Crusade. Encyclopedia Britannica. Howerth, Ira. What is Religion? International Journal of Ethics. 1983. Jihad. Encyclopedia Britannica. Mathur, D.C. The Concept of deed in the Bhagvad-Gita. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 1974.McClenon, James. Human Evolution and the Origin of Religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 345-357. Sept. 1997Radcliffe-Brown, A.R. Religion and Society. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1972. Rosengren, Karl. The soak of the Empty Cell. Current Anthropology. Vol. 17. 1996. Stewart, Gutherie. Religion What is it? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 412-419. Dec. 1998.

An Analysis of ?The Meanings of Seneca Falls, 1848-1998? :: essays research papers fc

While being born in the modern times, no woman knows what it was like to have a locating less than a mans. It is hard to envision what struggles many women had to go through in order to get the rights to be considered equal. In the essay The Meanings of Seneca F eithers, 1848-1998, Gerda Lerner recalls the events environ the great womens movement. Among the several women that stand out in the movement, Elizabeth Cady Stanton stands out because of her accomplishments. Upon being denied seating and voting rights at the World Antislavery throng of 1840, she was outraged and humiliated, and cherished change. Because of Elizabeth Cady Stantons great perseverance, the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was a success as well as a great influence on the future of womens rights.The convention had several attendees with notable assiduousness to the cause. The founders were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, a highly acclaimed speaker and abolitionist. She was even founder of the Philad elphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and its long-term president Martha Wright, Jane Hunt, and Mary Ann McClintock were all women who worked in anti-slavery fairs that also wanted womens rights (203). Among other attendees, Frederick Douglass was also present With the notable group assembled, a road to change was starting to form.The women had very contain rights compared to men of the time. Women had no voice when it came to the law, they were deprived rights of citizenship, and deprived of their property and wages. They were also discriminated when the matters had to do with payment for work and divorce and were declared civilly dead up on marriage (204) Finally, women were kept out of professions, and were to be kept as a dependent of the man. Half the population had their rights withheld because of the role that they were born into. The Seneca Falls Convention sought out to have these rights changed so that women could have the freedom that they deserved.The outcome of the meetin g had a great effect. The movement started at Seneca Falls requested the concepts by demanding legal, property, civil rights, and changes in gender-role definition and the womans rights to her own body (205). At the time, it was known that all men are created equal. When the definition is interpreted literally, the rights of women are demeaned. However, the women believed that as citizens and members of society, they had the rights to be treated equal as any other man.

Language Essay -- Essays Papers

languageLanguage is essential language is what we use to communicate among others. It is something that joins us solely as strongly as it separates us. There are many different languages in the world but really they are all bound by certain rules, they all have a format that they follow, all of them have, nouns, verbs, tenses, and adjectives. Language is almost like a math, the point of it is that when you speak, you try to reach a final stage with a different person, and in math you use equations to solve problems and reach conclusions, one is numbers the other is words. Math is not easy, and learning a Language puke be challenging. I came here from Mexico years ago, and I still remember how it was to not know how to communicate. I had to learn and I did now Im what you would call bilingual. While learning the language I was also adapting to culture, to a totally different life style than the one I was apply to, learning a different language was in a way helpful in adapting to this new world because it opened doorways for me which would be faithfuld with extinct it. In my younger years it seemed routine but now that I am older and reflect on my experience I can come to to those who just came here and have a language barrier, its almost like being handicapped. When I read the Tan essay, it hit close to home for me, because I knew what a language barrier feels like, I knew how pack could take advantage of you because they assume that you are stupid, the thing is that society begets assumptions about people who have a language barrier, they make fun of kids who go to bilingual class, where in fact those kids are learning something that the other ones in the future can only wish that they could have learned. When it comes t... ... key factor, our ability to communicate. In schools they should have kids prate to each other, have the Caucasian boy talk to the Asian girl, let them learn from each other, because when a child is young its mind is pure, its not programmed yet, so lets fill that mind with useful things which will learn them tolerance to others, and so we could filter our society of people who will look at a Mexican and call him a spic. Our society is honorable of different people, tall people, short people, rich, poor, but there is only one thing that brings all those people together and that is language. When you read this paper you will make a comment on it, post it, write it down, do whatever with it, but anyway you look at it, you will use a language, and the number you do my point is made, that language is a essential part of our society, and that we have to let it expand.

The Avocado Essay -- Botany

The AvocadoThe avocado is a member of the Laurel family, Lauraceae. Other members of this family include sweet bay, cinnamon, camphor and sassafras. In fundamental America several wild species of Persea grow. It has been concluded that cultivated forms must have been developed in Mexico and Guatemala at a very early submit of mans history. Two native names for the avocado are still used in America. The nahuatel term was ahua-cacua-huitle from which other Central American names like ahuacatl (which is the ballpark Aztec idiom) alcuahte and aquacate have been either derived or shortened. Corruptions of the original name include abacata (Portugese) and alligator (English) pear. In South America the fruit is called Palta derived from the Indian tribe of Ecuador inhabiting the province Palta. archeological diggings prove it to have been introduced into the Tehuacan area of S. Central Mexico before 7000 possibly as long as 10,000 BC from a more humid habitat. carcass of avocados came f rom almost all levels of the Coxatlan cave, beginning with the phase labeled Ajverado (before ?000 BC). The influence of selection on fruit size is not evident until the Santa Maria phase, represented by artifacts from between 900-200 BC. There was evidence that the tree was not only in cultivation, but that it had been actively selected for increase in the fruits size sufficiently long to continue the large fruited forms from being completely swamped by the wild, small fruited forms since a System of open pollination must have prevailed at the time. Since it takes about seven old age for a seedling avocado to bear fruit and the trees continue to bear for about 70 years or longer, the period of selection prior to the demonstration of larger cotyle... ...estroys small roots and can kill a plant. Avocados have had an important role to play in the history of man since men started leaving virtually sort of foraging trail. In the last 100 years the evolution of the tree as a crop pl ant has proven to reward us with a diverse selection of potential traits which will be exploited to their fullest potential, if we are all lucky. References The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley Vol. I, Douglas S. Byers, 1967. pg 230-240. Tropical Crops, Purseglove, 1974. pg 193-198. Handbook of Tropical regimen Crops, Franklin W. Martin, 1984. pg 247-249. Edible Plants of the World, E. Lewis Sturtevant, 1972. pg 414. Useful Plants of Neotropical Origin and Their Wild Relatives, Heinz Brucher, 1985. pg 229-231. Useful Plants of Brazil, Mors and Rizzini, 1966. pg 25. Origin of Cultivated Plants, DeCandolle, 1959. pg 292.

So far, so Good… So What! – Creative Writing

It was 5 hours sooner the concert, we knew this wogtuld be our last chance to practice our lineup. My stomach curled up into a ball and turned itself upside drink down. all of a sudden a thought struck me straight in the eye.I forgot my damn clothes I screamed.Well get back to your house and bring them here, we simply live 2 more hours to practice till this place opens. Adel state to me.What I thought we had 5 hours left, whats happening? A more tense me blurted proscribed.The colonnade opens at 7 and we play at 9. They said they wanted us out by 6 so they could get the phase angle ready.Oh ok, listen up Im goin to have to run back to my house cause I dont have a ride now. Ill catch you guys later.I picked up my new, supposedly, waterproof and shockproof Nokia, the 6250. It was my pride and joy, until it fell down the steps and found the screen smashed. I chuckled to myself, knowing it wasnt the end of the world. I pulled my socks up, tied my boots as tight as possible and pu lled my pants up to the befitting height. Two proceedings running put my spirit down, I slowed to a fast walk, panting same Id just ran a marathon. Altogether it took ten minutes of fast walking to arrive on my doorstep.Upon ringing the bell, my maid came tumbling outside and opened the door for me. I ran considerably slowly into my house, up the stairs and into my bedroom. The door creaked behind me and the noise sliced through my brain like a hot knife through butter. After a quick let loose I picked up my phone and called another member of my circumstances, Khalid.Yo man, I said Im back home now and Im just changing here and Ill be back.Ok then, just dont be too long, He said.With that note I hung up the phone and turned on my CD player. Ran into a quick shower, put several(prenominal) fresh black jeans on, threw a black shirt on and picked up my leather jacket. Flying down the stairs, turning a sharp corner and fall over I reached the bathroom where my gel is kept. 5 minu tes later I left my house with 4-inch spikes of black hair on my head. My mum sit down down in the car and I jumped into it. I suddenly realized how tense I was. All of the 5 minute ride I was right away going over the manner of speaking of the song Trust by Megadeth in my head.It was 445 when I got back to photon planet. I could hear my band playing a different song. Fear struck my heart, the lineup had changed while I was away.What the hell are you guys doing? I screamed at Adel.Weve changed around a bit. Ill apprise you the songs now. He replied calmly to me.Ok, do it fast, I said.I picked up my guitar and plugged in through my Zoom Multi FX pedal. I jammed a harsh power chord and my heart sunk further. Someone had been playing with the heavy metal effects that had taken 2 hours of my time to set. Adel came running over and Ahmed jumped to the floor with Khalid. I fell onto the ground with a feeling of dread building up inside me. Quickly running through the 50 different ped als all miniaturized and jammed into one box with lots of buttons. I knew from that moment that my guitar would be useless without the pedal. I lay back on the ground and a cigarette was pushed into my mouth. The mop up filth in the world was soaring out of my mouth like a million rockets firing one after another.Calm down man, said Ahmed just forget about playing the guitar today ok. Dont worry about a thing youll play next time.But man this is so screwed up my day sucks I said with an insane laugh.Hey guys get out of here with the smokes the managers comingWe pushed and shoved each other screaming and express joy to the fire exit. Down seemed like the right way to go. We all collapsed into a heap at the bottom of the stairs laughing and screeching like a bunch of halfwits. I started vocalizing at the top of my voice, the adrenalin rush made me feel great. Azam came running down the stairs holding a tray full of drinks in one go along a guitar in the other.I got us all a hot c hocolate before we get up there. I just finished context of use us all up on the mixer, its going to be great said Azam.Aiiite we all screamed in unison, remembering the Ali G show we watched the night beforeA few minutes later all hell broke loose upstairs. The official opening had happened. People were stampeding around the new arcade, playing games, transitory all over the roof on the roller coaster and others just looking and causing chaos. Lauren came running down the stairs followed closely by Alice and Alyaa.I started laughing and said I thought I was well hidden down here, how did you find me?Haji told us, replied Lauren.Oh ok. Its all good I just managed to laugh out.We have half an hour till the show, learn the rest of the words. Said KhalidThe half hour passed in ten minutes, or that is how it seemed to me. Still unclear of all the words I ran up to the stage still running over and over in my head. Horror was before my eyes, hundreds of people were there. I looked close ly and the whole of my coterie was there.Without warning the song started. With the microphone in my hand it felt great. I sang, the words were on the floor in front of me. A gust of nowhere wind picked up the sheets and took them to the edge of the stage. At this point, I panicked, I started to sing the first words that came into my head. I could feel eyes burning into my flesh, I was vibe like a massage machine. I could hear the last verse coming to an end. I stood up straight and screamed, TRUST. I left the stage quietly and handed the microphone to the second singer.Go up there and do the Spanish singing you do it better than anyone. I quickly blurted out in Arabic.Ok Jim he said.After that quick talk I ran over to Alice and nearly fainted from shock I said a quick good day and left, never to be seen again.

Drug Abuse Essay

1.0 Topic and Chosen shot Drug abuse among teenagers is the chosen aspect for this report. Drug abuse is defined as the excessive use of drugs without medicine justification. It is report that 50% of teenagers have abused a drug of some lovely (Teendrugrehabs n.d.).1.1 Critical evaluation of findings One of the main factors of drug abuse among teenagers is due to comrade pressure. Based on statistics 80% of teenagers are affected by peer pressure (Wallace 2011). Wanting to be accepted by their peers, they are willing to do anything. Their desire to be socially accepted will cause them to be influence by their peers. Thus, this will lead them to the abuse of drugs to make things more exciting and not left out. Besides that, it is very hard to say NO to their peers. Furthermore, another reason for teenagers to be easily involved in drug abuse is due to the easy access to drugs. 54% of the students of private high schools reported that drugs are accessible in their schools while 61% of the public high school students state that their schools are drug-infested (Pahuriray 2012). As drugs can be easily obtained everywhere.2.0 Processes divers(a) steps were undertaken to attain the sources needed for the report. However, a lot of the sources from the internet is too vague and the statistics are already outdated.

Auditing Ethics

The natural setting, that we atomic number 18 predominantly in an imperfect world, brings close the question of ethics in many spheres of the man endeavor, including auditing.It is in that locationfore a pre-liquisite for all auditors in any organization to understand and give concerted considerations to the human factor (both within the organization and outside) as they conduct ethically sensitive audits as well as determining the required audit coverage. It is common confide for most organizations to have got some postulated ethical guidance procedures-the codes of ethics- the comprehensive principles and values statement that should serve as a routine guide to auditors in their daily work.This gives an outline regarding not only the ethical requirements but also the professional obligations that should be emphasized whenever any critical decisions relating to the business proceedings are to be made (Matthias, 2004, 16).There should be prior, clear communication and reinforc ement of such ethical codes among the suppliers, customers, and employees (including the internal and external auditors). However, the extent and the nature of any audit coverage are critically determined by the managements degree of commitment to high ethical and integrity standards.DiscussionIt is paramount to understand at this point that there are several venture factors that are involved in the process of auditing ethics. This implies that the auditors moldiness be well conversant with all the functional fields in an organization so as to identify activities and functions in which ethical implications would pose the greatest risks. After such risks have been identified, a value (such as low, average or high) is assigned to facilitate proper allocation of audit efforts (Usoff, 2001, 21).Among the most considered risks by auditors include, but are not limited to the following Sensitive information/information disclosure Perceived business loss Adverse publicity Probable injury to employers, employees, and/customers and Adverse legal implications.Some areas are imperatively more risk prone than others and auditors should therefore allocate them more ethical auditing time. One of these is the procurement and purchasing department in most, if not all enterprises. Red flags must eer be raised in times when larger gratuities and gifts are offered by suppliers. These also include other nominal gifts offered, and every employee who is involved in purchases must be thoroughly reminded of the company policy on gratuities and gifts.Another are that require careful consideration at all times is the environmental, health issues, and safety department. An clarify example deliberate audit denial is the Soviets Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident which they refused to acknowledge until other European neighbors complained about the nuclear fallouts.Environmental issues have been among the major challenges to industries world wide, with many other stakeholders such as t he media, the public and regulatory bodies demanding apt responses on the part of the companies to make responsible precautions (Caplan, 2003, 14).

Close-Read of Life of Pi

The Power of Faith What cater does Faith prepare? People who opine in a religion see credit as a powerful tool that can be used to solve life problems. In the novel Life of Pi, by Yann Martel, the protagonist piscine M. Patel, or P, is a member of multiple belief systems. He has a strong confidence in God, which helps him in the most troubling of times. Pi sees trustfulness as very important and is possibly a key reason he was able to survive his ordeal. The importance of faith to Pi is clearly shown in the first part of the book Life of Pl. Bapu Gandhi said, All religions are true. I Just want to love God. (Martel 69). Pi is fascinated by multiple religions, and sees them entirely as a way to become closer with God. He sees the similarities between each religion and puts his beliefs and prayers into one higher entity. Pi has learned that faith is follow to love and he chooses to show his love for God by accepting multiple religions. It is not atheists who get stuck in my c raw, but agnostics To choose to doubt as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation (28).Pi holds faith on a higher tandard and views people who do not have faith in something to be close-minded or unimaginative. His beliefs that faith is all we need conflicts with former(a)s who do not have the courage to believe in faith. Pi even mentions how he can imagine what an atheist would say on his deathbed, but an agnostic, to the very end, would lack imagination and miss the make better story (64). Pi doesnt understand how someone can survive on doubt when there are many things to put their faith into. But his faith go away be tested with the horrible event that awaits him.Pis strong beliefs and faith in God help him to survive his terrible experience on the lifeboat. l go away not die. I refuse it Now I will turn miracle into r come out of the closetine Yes, so long as God is with me, I will not die. Amen. (148). Pi turns to a system and to fait h to help him with the new life he essential face. He creates a schedule for himself, planning general inspection fishing and prayers (190) to bring balance and order back to his life. Pi prays and has faith in God to help him survive, his faith pushing him to think wisely about his situations. grew weary of my situation But life would not leave me It was natural that, bereft and desperate as I was, in the throes of unremitting suffering, I should turn to God (284). Even in his weakest moments, he still has faith in God, still believing that God will give him the strength to drive on each day. He prays to all his gods in times of trouble. Jesus, Mary, Muhammad and Vishnu I saw a sight that will stay with me for the rest of my days (150). Pis faith in God never ended, even when he felt he could not go on any longer.A voice in his head, his faith in his survival, kept pushing him to hold on. Or was it really his faith? Pis faith may not be main reason he made it through his advent ure. It is lifes only true opponent. Only fear can defeat life (161). Pis is suddenly thrust into a strange and terrifying situation, and to live he must fight off the fear that attempts to engulf him. He must push away the fear to think rationally and being able to make it out alive. Pis fght for survival and the internal struggle he you Richard Parker, thank you.Thank you or saving my life (286). Richard Parker could be the reason Pi survived. Richard Parker was there for Pi, to show Pi how other dangers paled compared to Richard Parkers presence, to keep Pi busy and distracted from the terrible life they have to live, and to provide Pi with some form of company. Without those things, Pi would have most for certain given up on life. Pis strong belief in faith and his own faith in God may have been the reason for his survival. His faith kept him strong through his whole horrific ordeal, keeping him from giving up on life.There are many other possible reasons he would have survived if it had not been faith in the first place. Faith is a powerful object, giving strength to some in times of need and weakening others when their power is too great. But one fact is evident. Everyone needs faith in something, whether its a religious form, a theory, or a value. Without faith, people would not be able to see the point of living life and giving all you have to it.

Continuum Of Care Outline Essay

I. IntroductionII. StakeholdersA. The description of the roles of various stakeholders in the health c be industry who argon involved in the continuum of care (University of Phoenix, 2015).1. Who the patients are.2. Who the employees are.3. Who the payers are.4. Who the providers are.B. How the cistron contributes to or detracts from the overall management of health care resources (University of Phoenix, 2015).1. Is this a positive or negative affect?III. service provided and employees role(s).A. Discuss the services provided and how these services fit into the continuum of care (University of Phoenix, 2015).1. What services are provided?2. How do these services fit into the continuum of care?3. The role of transitioning patients from one level of care to another in the health care continuum (University of Phoenix, 2015).See more 5 paragraph essay format B. Description of the health care delivery components role in providing services (University of Phoenix, 2015).1. Who provides th ese services?2. How the services are delivered.IV. Current and Future of Home Health bursterA. What are the current trends and how they are changing?B. What the potential trends are.1. How these potential trends will change delivery components and services in the future.2. Accommodating for the future trends.V. The Characteristics of Integrated Delivery System (IDS)A. Health Care organizations.B. Community health.VI. ConclusionReferencesUniversity of Phoenix. (2015). Continuum of Care Presentation. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS/235-Health Care Delivery in the U.S. website.

Bullying in the Elementry School Essay

E actually day we face situations that affect our diary to live. The children brace a beautiful daily beginning, until they come to their school environment. There they found truly friends, but also children who damage them. The school harassment or blustery is a social problem that affects the majority of the children in our country and the world. The school harassment is the intimidation that a child creates, with power or force and invasion on superstar or more children to call the attention or simply to avoid to be one more.The bullying since better it is know interests to whatever act of strong-arm or verbal aggression that it realizes one or more children against his homonyms. At the global level there is a phenomenon that affects the education of children and new-fashioned people. This is manifested inwardly the centers of education and has been for decades a serious problem that can bring repercussions to the students. Garcia (2011) heads that the bullying cause ser ious damage to the psychic and physical health in the people knotty.It is inferred that the bullying is a problem, to the extent that we see as the students identify to this as an evil that harm permanently or part. Another reason is that it breaks with the expectations of society, which searches for a good school environment and therefore, it becomes an antisocial fashion reprehensible. To learn this behavior we must begin with the main participant, the attacker. The assaulter is usually mostly feel posit to dominate, ar impulsive, show little empathy and are presented as people physically stronger.Olweus (1980) reaffirmed that it is natural to assume that they have developed a certain degree of detestation toward the environment, such feelings and impulses can make injure or harm to others causing them satisfaction. The aggressors may be people who operation, study or provide services within the school and its grounds. We emphasize that the aggressor is not only the studen t but that involves other people. The spectator is an indirect aggressor, which according to Trautmann (2008), is the hearing of the aggressor and in which the aggressor is stimulated or inhibited by them.Any type of attacker can reach express power with direct contact, psychological, emotional and the use of technology. These, the aggressor and the spectator or cooperator assault to another person, the victim, which suffers from all the aggressions. Galvez (2008), mentions that the victims usually are children that do not have the resources or skills to react, are little sociable, subtle and fragile. Children who suffer from bullying are rejected by the other students and live in constant search of acceptance.These behaviors can have serious consequences for the physical and mental health of the victim permanently or part. From the right to education, physical, mental and the life, is that I am looking for studying this phenomenon as a social problem so that, identify their mode of operation, how to treat it and prevent it. Bullying The term bullying (Olweus, 1978) is now common in the literature on the topic of bullying among schoolchildren, to refer the situation of sustained violence, mental or physical, guided by an individual or by a group, directed at another individual in the group, who cannot defend themselves.The problem, being a new phenomenon, if it adopts new dimensions and it is worrying that our industrialized society that seems to have reached a certain level of welfare, employment of abuse and violence in school environments, paradoxically being detected ever so more alarmingly early age. The analysis of the problem offers some things to consider. It can be verbal, physical or psychosocial. Sometimes presents socially acceptable ways such as competitiveness academic, sports, social success, which in itself makes others feel inferior.It is necessarily repetitive behavior and causes pain at the time of the attack and sustained, to create an ex pectation on the victim of being white future attacks it is characterized by the dominance of the powerful over the weak in any context. The dynamic character bullying is expansive since its inception a specific episode of abuse happens to be an assiduous dynamics of exclusion, violence and impaired socialization. It comes as a group phenomenon, from the moment that requires the support of the group and therefore, must be within the network of relationships that it is generated.Ramirez (2002) mentions that bullying is usually untamed events among students and on occasion, there have been reports of violence by individuals outside the classroom to students. They identify certain behaviors as other forms of violence that affect the relationship amidst students and teachers, such as absenteeism, lack of participation and punctuality. It should be noted that in many of the cases, a students absences constant victim of harassment are to avoid being attacked, mocked at school and choos e not to go to the classroom. Being one of the most common characteristics a victim of bullying. Areas affected by bullyingProfessor Dan Olweus was initiated investigations on the subject of bullying. At the beginning of 1970, Olweus began their investigations within schools in Norway, presenting a problem about assaults on persons it is noteworthy that the institution had no interest on the subject. It was not until the 1980s that three young people between 10 and 14 years old committed suicide as a result of the activity of aggression upon them by their peers, thus arousing the attention of educational institutions on the problem. Education it is natural for the progress of a person and the country, also that it is a constitutional right.This phenomenon happens in all centers of education and in all its facets. Obviously affect the education of students to large scale and their mental, physical and emotional health. Because of this, it is indispensable that you consider this phe nomenon as a problem and identify ways to treat it and prevent it. To achieve this, we must attack its root, which is located within the school facilities. It is all-important(prenominal) to study the bullying at the family level, since education starts at home, teaching behaviors to avoid that children create behavior hostile or conversely, too quiet. in any case of utmost richness that the family is in constant orientation in order to keep your children from bullying and be able to identify when they are victims of this. Rodrigo (2004) says that family relations continue to be a relevant element in the analysis of behavior and lifestyle of the teenager. Aviles (2002) indicates that both the structural aspects of the educational institution and its dynamics are very important in explaining and, above all, prevent abuses among equals at the school.Polanin (2012) suggests that researchers and administrators of the school should consider the implementation of programs that focus on the supplementary behavior of transient bullying interference and prevention programs. Cepeda, Pacheco, Garcia and Piraquive (2008), indicate that to learn if there is bullying, we must recognize that there is a relationship of power, power-submission, by one or more assailants on the victim and if the aggression has been consecutively. Attacks could be physical with some degree of aggression or psychological.Salmivalli (1999), comments that the aggressor is classified into two types, the predominantly dominant with antisocial tendency and the antisocial predominantly relate to a low self-esteem. Recent research Del Prado (2011) notes that there has always been bullying and that many of the victims are marked for life. He mentions that according to statistics, 12 out of blow students suffer bullying by peers. It indicates that victims choose to suffer isolation and a terrible fear of going back to school, clinging to silence as his only witness. in addition infers that contrary t o myth, the aggressor is not always bigger and stronger. This can be any child with low self-esteem need to get attention from their peers. He advises that we must ensure that the victim signals show how, insulation, etc. depressive symptoms. It concludes that a good interaction of the institution and parents is crucial in preventing this phenomenon, but that happened is the responsibility of the school. Traulsen (2011) this has been a forceful change of bullying. One of the new ways is cyber bullying, which is committed to social networks or technological means.Indicates that bullying can occur because of race, color, religion, sexual preference etc The victim did not reach the necessary maturity, fails to adequately address this situation. It is difficult for parents to detect that your child is being targeted because they tend to isolate themselves and hide the facts. For this family, school and government are essential to help combat this evil. The author infers that it is time to take drastic action against this phenomenon that is often taken for granted, so that in this way we ensure viable and proper(a) education.Martinez (2005) investigated bullying and specific problems or patterns that occur in schools. The author conducted a review of the main conflicts of bullying, with the purpose of investigating and detecting possible solutions. We mentioned some actors that deflect antisocial behavior as social inequality, the media, the motivation of the student and others. Refer some of antisocial behaviors that arise in the school as classroom disruption, indiscipline, vandalism, physical violence, psychological, social and in some cases, sexual assault.The conclusion is that using any direct remedy to remedy the phenomenon, beyond programs and techniques will be effective in resolving this conflict. Barcelo (2011) indicates that violence in the family learned and interactions with the environment influence bullying. He reports that for us to understand t his phenomenon, teachers need to see this phenomenon as one of violence. Defines bullying as a type of violence where there are three participants who consist of the offender, victim and the spectators. The stalker uses different types of techniques from physical, verbal, psychological, social and racial harassment.As a result, the victim feels isolated and sometimes even can lead to dropout, suicide or retaliate against the aggressor to death. From here you have the need to intervene with this phenomenon and use penitentiary methods to the aggressor. And finally work with the victim, improving self-esteem and school environment. Teresa (2010) indicates that in the phenomenon of bullying are direct and indirect aggressors. Live is one who commits indirect aggression and has been the viewer. generally the harasser is narcissistic and needs of people who support or encourage them to commit their acts.Here is where the participation of the viewer aggressor, who plays a double role. O n the one hand supports the harasser but the other is solidarity with the victim. This becomes a stalker and manipulator. Mention other accomplices classification called conscious or unconscious, the first known his actions and still participates. The second is usually a person close to the stalker who acts without realizing the facts. Study concludes that there are certain to classify accurately, what kinds of people are bullies. What if it could be located, is that bullies mostly come from the upper class.Methods to assess bullying Arzoz (2011) in his Thesis Analysis of the Situation and Proposed Intervention in an Education Center recommends an evaluation of intervention programs and techniques carried out in schools about bullying. He argues that it should take an individualized program in each school that meets the needs of them and take into account existing features. He points out that there is a shortage of technical or individualized treatments with students. Refers to the method of questionnaire on campuses is a good tool to detect bullying and work on time or remedy in cases where necessary.On the other hand emphasizes the validity of the method Pikas and teaching social skills as a factor in prevention. The author concludes that having prevention programs, we would reduce the phenomenon in question. Garcia (2011) states that as bullying phenomenon. This postulates that the lack of values, economics, drugs, among others, may be determining factors for violence in the perpetrator arises. Also emphasizes the serious damage this phenomenon generated on both sides bully-victim, and that the best strategy is prevention.For this, we have developed a program that is based on parameter to the prevention and students involved in bullying. Within the prevention distinguishes three lines starring education in emotions, feelings and values in cooperative group work and democratic management of coexistence. In the situation of students involved have proposed si x programs which are a) conflict resolution, b) peer support, c) quality circles d) development programs empathy, e) and f assertiveness programs ) the Pikas method. Emphasizes that despite the myths no spend this very worrying phenomenon that prevails in all schools at all levels.

Person Centred Therapy Evaluation Essay

In order to evaluate the claim that Person-Centred Therapy covers the healer all that he/she leave behind run into up to treat guests, iodine must(prenominal) look at the theoretical concepts of psyche-centred therapy (PCT) and its underlying philosophical influences.The PCT salute was verit fit during the 1940s and 1950s by an Ameri thunder mug psychologist Carl Rogers, now known as Rogerian counselling he proposed new human-centred ideas for counselling which moved a stylus from the doctor/patient race. PCT emphasises person to person kin among the therapist and guest and focuses on the guests point of view through and through active sense of hearing the therapist tries to understand the clients presenting issue and emotions. In PCT the client determines the direction, course, speed and space of the treatment and the therapist services increase the clients insight and ego understanding.Rogers and Abraham Maslow, a nonher psychologist, were the founders of the huma nistic admittance to psychology. homophileistic theories of personality maintain that humans atomic number 18 motivated by the uniquely human need to expand their earlieriers and to receivedise as much of their dominance as possible (Sanders 2002 p22). A humanistic nestle is based on all human cosmoss having an inbuilt ability to grow and arrive at their bounteous potential known as actualisation. If this quality can be harnessed then human beings can resolve their own issues naturally, given the right conditions. Rogers and Maslow believed in a persons potential to overhaul self-importance actualisation. Maslow howalways referred to the psychology of being and that self actualisation was an end in itself at the authorise of the hierarchy of need whereas Rogers considered the psychology of becoming- the demonstrate of being able to take charge of your spiritedness and break the person you want to be a continuous process.Maslow felt that human beings are ever more t han striving for self improvement which goes beyond that of the basic needs for survival. He believed that a persons demeanor stems from the way in which people strive to meet discordent needs. From 1943 to 1954 he checked the 5-level hierarchy of Needs * The first, lowest level, concerns a persons physiologicalneeds survival, food, water and shelter. * The second addresses caoutchouc protection from danger and need for security, order and predictability. * The third covers love & social behaviour for love, friendship and word sense by peers. * The fourth addresses self respect and value the need for status, independence, recognition, self confidence and respect from others. * The twenty percent and highest level concerns self-actualisation the need to fulfil peerlesss personal potential.His theory states that each need must be met in turn starting with the lowest concerning the need for survival and just now when the lower needs are met is a person able to move on to the higher needs. notwithstanding if something should happen and any lower needs are no longer satisfied then a person will concentrate on regaining them before attaining the higher superstars.The lower four levels are known as deficiency needs which a person will strive to fulfil thereby satisfying the deficiency. However behaviour relating to self actualisation is known as a growth need, governed by the persons inborn need to grow and realise his full potential. Maslow felt most people only ever achieved the first four needs, and he wanted to divine service clients to obtain Self-Actualisation in order to really be mother themselves. The higher up the hierarchy we go, the more the need becomes linked to life experience and the less biological it becomes. (Gross 1996 p.97) It is a fact that people achieve self actualisation in many polar ways, link to experience in later life rather than biology. If a person has a deficiency in one of the lower levels of needs then self- actual isation cannot be achieved, resulting in anger, frustration, unhappiness and depression.Rogers trusted in people and viewed them in a compulsory and optimistic way, believing all human beings naturally strove to achieve their potential mental health issues arose when barriers to personal growth were present. Accordingly a persons behaviour is down to self perception or interpretation of a situation and as no one else could know how something was perceived, the perceiver would be the best person to help themselves. PCT looks at how the client is before long interpreting and perceiving theirsituation, the moment to moment experience and what is being thought and felt.Rogers viewed psychological development as the process of a person following the path of actualisation and so becoming oneself. A fully surgical procedure person was someone on his way to self actualisation and he identified certain qualities that enabled that person to realise his potential. A person needs to have- Op enness to experience he can accurately perceive his own feelings and experiences in the world Existential living he lives in the present rather than the aside Organismic trusting know what is peachy for one and trust thoughts and feelings as accurate, doing what comes naturally existential freedom the feeling of freedom when making choices and taking responsibility for personal actions Creativity a person will naturally socialise and agencyicipate in society through work, social relationships or through the arts or sciences.A principal element of Rogers theory is the concept of self, described as being a set of self perceptions and beliefs, including self awareness or image, self abide by and value, and Ideal self. Human behaviour is driven by people attempting to maintain consistency amid their self image and esteem sometimes this consistency is not achieved and a persons self image may differ from their actual behaviour and how it is perceived by others. A highly successful and respected person, may resonate themself as a complete failure as their actual experience is not consistent with their exemplar self, an incongruent condition.People experiencing incongruent feelings, because of conflict with their self image, feel threatened and may block or deny these feelings. It is these defence mechanisms which prevent the self from growing and changing widening the gap betwixt human race and the self-image until the latter becomes more unrealistic when the incongruent person will start to feel dangerous, confused and get under ones skin psychological disturbances. A congruent persons self image is limber and changes with new experiences, the self image adjoines the thoughts and actions allowing for the opportunity to self-actualise.A persons self concept develops through childhood. Rogers believed thathumans developed conditions of worth the conditions where autocratic assure would be given. In order to maintain this conditional peremptory regard a person will suppress or deny actions and feelings which are unacceptable to people who are heavy, instead of using those thoughts, feelings and perceptions as a expire to behaviour. It is this denial that causes the difference between the existence and the self, the organism being everything a person does, feels and thinks, and the self being the character reference that is accepted liked and respected by others positive regard.As people have an inherent need to be loved and accepted and and then a need for positive self regard, they behave and act in ways that meet compliment so in turn think of themselves as correct, lovable and worthy. In order to experience positive self regard a persons behaviour and condition of worth must match sometimes conditions can force one to behave and act in ways that prevent self actualisation, thus living life by someone elses standards. This can cause conflict between experience and self concept, leading to the development of psychologic al disorders.Congruence and self actualisation can only be rack uped if a person is functioning as a whole organism so conditions of worth need to be substituted with organismic values. Rogers maintains that the human organism has an underlying actualising tendency which drives a person to develop and become independent. When a person is acting under conditional positive regard which prevents realisation of full potential, these conditions need to be removed. The difference between the self and organism then becomes minimal and the person more closely aligned with his natural values more depressuri seemd and happy with life.PCT aims to provide the right purlieu to enable the client to grow and develop, and work through any problems by utilising the ability for personal growth. Rogers believed that the therapy should take place in a substantiating environs created by a close personal relationship between the client and the therapist. It allows insight into the clients feelings a nd behaviour whilst the therapists function is to offer warmth and empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard toward the client, accepting what is said in a non faultfinding(prenominal) way.Rogers felt that the most important factor insuccessful therapy was the therapists attitude. A find element of the PCT is to reflect the clients feelings without judgement and by doing this the client will relax and express inner feelings. It also lets the client know that the therapist is listening, trying to understand, as well as clarifying what the client is communicating. Clarification arises when the therapist picks out the key points, uses the clients own words to develop an gentle wind of trust, enabling rapport to develop leading the client to feel able to appreciate current feelings and sometime(prenominal) experiences.Rogers believed that in order to create this environment for growth and change three core conditions need to be provided for a healing(p) relationship to be formed. Empathy. The therapist must try to enter the clients inner world and understand how the client is feeling through sensitively listening and reflecting back what the client is saying. Carl Rogers described empathy as the ability to sense the clients world as if it were your own without losing the as if quality (Sanders 2002 p68). Congruence. This involves the therapist being real open to the expressed feelings and being genuine with the client. There should be no air of authority, enabling the client to feel the therapist is being honest and responding as a real person not analysing what is being said and trying to fit it to a therapeutic model. lordly positive regard (UPR). The therapist must provide non judgmental warmth and acceptance of the client, regardless of past behaviour, as a worthwhile person free to explore and discuss all thoughts, feelings and behaviour positive and negative without fear of rejection or judgement. The client must not feel the need to earn po sitive regard many people seek help because of disturbances caused by unreasonable harsh judgements. It is very important to ensure that experience is not repeated during therapy. If the client feels an evaluation is being undertaken, a false front may be put up or the therapy stopped altogether.It is these three core conditions that form the trigger of the therapeutic relationship. However, Rogers also believed that fundamental to providing the right conditions for change the helper must make psychological tangency with the client. Client and therapist need to be simultaneously aware ofeach other before anything therapeutic can happen (Sanders, Franklin & Wilkins 2009 p 39.) Psychological contact, the relationship between therapist and client the client is vulnerable or anxious and receives empathy, UPR and congruence. All of these conditions are necessary and the core conditions must be used sufficiently for helpful change. These core conditions are believed to enable to the cli ent to grow and develop in his own way to become the desired person. PCT focuses on the clients own thoughts and feelings, not those of the therapist and provides an environment where the client can explore personal experiences to strengthen self structure which in turn helps to reach actualisation.The two primary goals of PCT are to increase a clients self esteem and openness to experience. The therapy also helps to bring the clients self image and ideal self closer together and allows the client to have a better self understanding. The clients levels of defensiveness, guilt and insecurity are displace resulting in more positive and comfortable relationships with others and an improving ability to experience feelings and emotions when they occur. The results of studies carried out using this approach show that clients maintain stable changes over long periods of time, and that the changes are comparable with changes achieved using other types of therapy.It is a very effective way to treat people suffering from depression or relationship issues but PCT does appear to be less effective than other humanistic therapies where the therapist offers more advice. Rogers originally developed his PCT in a childrens clinic as play therapy and his theory has been used to help people suffering from depression, anxiety, alcohol disorders, cognitive dysfunction and personality disorders and has been proved successful when used on an individual basis as well as in group and family therapy. In the later part of his career he worked with people suffering from schizophrenia.Although PCT is popular and does achieve a level of success, a key criticism in this approach is that the core conditions should always be provided by a good therapist before moving onto different theories and strategies to help make the client better. This criticism shows there is a degree of misunderstanding of the real problems of constantly providing UPR, empathy and congruence in the therapeutic setti ng, as these can light touch and causeconflict. Purely being able to maintain these core conditions requires much work on the part of the therapist, given that everyone has values and beliefs which are hard to suppress and ignore, so it may be more real for the therapist to own their own values and beliefs whilst not judging others.PCT does not require the guidance to undergo any specific training or self development in any position way through personal experience, other than to provide the core conditions. Rogers believed it is the relationship between the therapist and the client that brings about the therapeutic change. Further criticism, of therapists demonstrating the core conditions, is that it can lead the client to believe that the therapist is supportive of the situation and viewpoint to such an extent that the client no longer feels the need to change. This is due to the therapist offering no alternatives as there is no position of authority in the PCT to guide the clie nt to make constructive changes.PCT has also been criticised for its lack of structure and insufficient direction to help people in real crisis. Some therapists would argue that this type of approach is not suitable or effective for clients who are inarticulate or poorly educated, whereas other feel that this approach can be applied to anyone. Although this approach is positive is it enough to solely create a good relationship between client and therapist and provide the clients with a safe space to feel valued and supported in order for change to take place? If a client is experiencing real difficulty and is unable to see a way forward and has lost all hope then it is important for the help to come from the therapist. Clients who have experienced this type of therapy often feel that is does not provide the desired solutions they are look for and have become bored, frustrated and annoyed with the Rogerian style.In summary, although the person-centred approach is clearly a highly ef fective method of helping and is widely accepted and used by clinical psychologists today, I do not feel that it offers the therapist all that he/she needs to treat clients. I believe that no one therapy can claim an absolute success rate in treating clients, as human beings are inherently different due to differing cultural backgrounds and life experience andhence each therapist and client relationship will be unique, producing differing results. I feel that one theory that suits everyone is not the approach a good therapist should adopt. Some people may find it easy to talk about their feelings and be able to help themselves in a PCT environment whereas to another this type of approach would be wholly bewildering and unproductive.I believe PCT is an effective therapy for treating self esteem and relationship issues however it does not go nearly far enough to help those with deep rooted psychological disorders. A client in crisis may not have the ability to self-help and the nondi rective approach can be unhelpful and ineffective when a client is seeking clear guidance from a counsellor. Therefore I believe it is the job of the therapist to determine which theory would help the client best to resolve their issues and be prepared to be flexible in approach. The skill set of a good therapist would have a variety of different strategies and therapeutic approaches to offer the client and although a person-centred approach is a good place to start, the therapist should be prepared to progress to more structured approaches as appropriate.

Hindi Literature Essay

Achievements Premchand brought realism to Hindi literature. Premchand wrote on the realistic issues of the day-communalism, corruption, zamindari, debt, poverty, colonialism etc. He avoided the intake of highly Sanskritized Hindi and instead used the dialect of the commonalty people. Premchand popularly known as Munshi Premchand was one of the greatest literary figures of modern Hindi literature. His stories vividly portrayed the social scenario of those times. Premchands real title was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava.He was born on July 31, 1880 in Lamahi near Varanasi where his puzzle Munshi Azaayab Lal was a clerk in the post office. Premchand lost his mother when he was just seven long time old. His father married again. Premchand was very close to his elder sister. His early education was in a madarasa on a lower floor a Maulavi, where he learnt Urdu. When he was studying in the ninth class he was married, much against his wishes. He was only fifteen years old at that time. Premc hand lost his father when he was sixteen years old. Premchand was left responsible for his stepmother and stepsiblings.He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyers child. Premchand passed his matriculation exam with great effort and took up a teaching position, with a monthly stipend of eighteen rupees. While working, he studied privately and passed his Intermediate and B. A. examinations. Later, Premchand worked as the deputy sub-inspector of schools in what was thus the United Provinces. In 1910, he was hauled up by the District Magistrate in Jamirpur for his anthology of short stories Soz-e-Watan (Dirge of the Nation), which was labelled seditious.His withstand Soz-e-Watan was banned by the then British government, which burnt all of the copies. Initially Premchand wrote in Urdu under the name of Nawabrai. However, when his novel Soz-e-Watan was confiscated by the British, he started writing under the pseudonym Premchand. Before Premchand, Hindi literature consisted primar ily offantasy or religious works. Premchand brought realism to Hindi literature. He wrote over 300 stories, a dozen novels and two plays. The stories have been compiled and published as Maansarovar.His famous creations are Panch Parameshvar, Idgah, Shatranj Ke Khiladi, Poos Ki Raat, Bade Ghar Ki Beti, Kafan, Udhar Ki Ghadi, Namak Ka Daroga, Gaban, Godaan, and Nirmala. Premchand was a great social reformer he married a child widow named Shivarani Devi. She wrote a earmark on him, Premchand Gharmein after his death. In 1921 he answered Gandhijis call and resigned from his job. He worked to generate patriotism and nationalistic sentiments in the general populace. When the editor of the journal _Maryaada_ was jailed in the freedom movement, Premchand worked for a time as the editor of that journal.Afterward, he worked as the principal in a school in the Kashi Vidyapeeth. The main trait of Premchands writings is his interesting storytelling and use of simple language. His novels desc ribe the problems of rural and urban India. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi and instead used the dialect of the common people. Premchand wrote on the realistic issues of the day -communalism, corruption, zamindari, debt, poverty, colonialism etc. Premchands writings have been translated not only into all Indian languages, but also Russian, Chinese, and many another(prenominal) other foreign languages. He died on October 8, 1936.

Bioethics Essay

There ar so galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) things in this world that people see an goodly un take aimable. A few topics are adoption, clone, and assume. These are big topics because they are common and most of the worldly concern is aware(p) of these controversies. To start, coincide is a huge trouble in America today. You will non find champion thing in that does not look at some kind of take on. Patient take on, consumer try for, or leavenal consent. In the aesculapian examination field diligents give birth to give full consent to all of their treatments, and or procedures.If a tolerant role does not give consent then the doctors cannot judicially proceed with any type of medical treatment. accept to any treatment is a vital part to both the doctor and the enduring. The doctor can moreover tell the patient the data needed, and tell them what is best for their health, it is up to the patient to decide if they want to spread over with treatment or not. For the patient to consent the treatment has to have a high percentage of success, of not they whitethorn look for early(a) options.Sometimes doctors will add or embellish cultivation to dismay a certain response from their patient. It is important for the patient to fully understand their condition, and to issue all of their options. A doctor cannot legally take h sexagenarian a conclusion astir(predicate) a patient without that persons consent, and if they are physically/mentally unable to provide the consent the doctor needs, a family member or arouse is post in place to confuse those decisions for the patient. The respect for the human body is determined by the patient.If the doctor feels the patient does not care about how they become healthy, and only wants a positive outcome it leaves many doors splay for the doctor to do what they feel necessary to benefit the patient. Ethics in the earth sector, such as in hospitals and other health care organizations, cannot t ranscend politics completely, because the public sector is the political arena. For honorable guidelines to survive, however, they must be based not on political expediency only when on honest respectable principles and reasoning.As the knowledge of medicine, technology, and science continues to grow, the challenges of regulation, policy, and ethical issues in the hospital putting and elsewhere in the health care system will occupy physicians for some time to come. Medical informed consent is essential to the physicians ability to diagnose and treat patients as well as the patients right to accept or reject clinical evaluation, treatment, or both. Medical informed consent should be an exchange of papers that buttresses the patient-physician relationship.The consent process should be the foundation of the fiduciary relationship between a patient and a physician. Physicians must recognize that informed medical choice is an educational process and has the effectiveness to c one timern the patient-physician alliance to their mutual benefit. Physicians must give patients equality in the covenant by educating them to make informed choices. When physicians and patients take medical informed consent seriously, the patient-physician relationship becomes a true partnership with shared out decision-making authority and responsibility for outcomes.Physicians need to understand informed medical consent from an ethical foundation, as codified by statutory fair play in many orders, and from a generalized common-law perspective requiring medical invest consistent with the standard of care. It is fundamental to the patient-physician relationship that each partner understands and accepts the degree of autonomy the patient desires in the decision-making process. As a matter of both object lessonity and the law, adult patients who have no cognitive impairments should be centrally involved as decision-makers during their medical care.In ethics, the well-established principle of respect for persons that supports this perspective Because no one is usually better suited than adults themselves to appreciate what a diagnosis and treatment means for their lives, patients should usually be respected as experts about the medical treatment that is desirable to them. Respecting patients as the central decision-maker in like port protects against paternalism, the view that health care practitioners should make decisions they believe to be in patients best interests.The law converges with ethics in making it inadvisable for physicians to impose tests and treatments on patients without their knowledge or consent. In the join advances, the law will treat medical treatment imposed without consent as a wrongful action. In response to a charge of unwanted treatment, Justice Benjamin Cardozo offered a classic legal tone in the 1914 case Schloendorff v. Society of N. Y. Hospital every human being of adult years has a right to determine what shall be foole with his own body and a surgeon who performs an operation without his patients consent commits an assault for which he is liable in damages.Subsequent cases have underscored this right to accept or refuse treatment and underlined rights to self-determination and the right to be left alone even if choices search poorly made to others. Informed consent is therefore both a theory and a practice of patient involvement in health care. Its theory rests on well-established ethical and legal views in the United States. In practice, informed consent means providing information that enables someone to make a meaningful decision about the desirability of a medical test or treatment, as measured in damage of its risks and benefits.Some states conduct that very specific information be provided when certain medical interventions are offered. For example, the U. S. peremptory Court upheld the right of states to require that physicians provide specific information to women seeking abortions. I n Pennsylvania, physicians must pop the question a woman seeking an abortion about the state of fetal gestation, the availability of state-sponsored baby support, legal and monetary obligations of fathers, and so on. Proponents of this law argue that it is the states responsibility to ensure that women know this information before they make final decisions about abortions.If physicians working in states that require specific information to be disclosed fail to do so, they open themselves up to various legal charges. For most medical tests and treatments, however, the state does not direct the specific information that must be disclosed. In most situations, it is physicians, their professional organizations, and institutions that ensnare the standards for disclosure. Of course, the law still has a role to play, it requires that physicians provide all the information that a person could evenhandedly expect to receive and that the disclosure is consistent with a professional stand ard of care.This information should be offered in a manner accessible to the patients and in languages they easily understand. Verbal consent is ordinarily sufficient for many if not all routine medical procedures such as blood draws, standard drug regimens, or standard tests. Written permission to test or treat can sometimes be expedient backup in medical records. Major interventions such as surgery or involvement in experimental protocols such as a drug study usually require written documentation of the consent process.The standards of informed consent also forbid physicians from exceeding the scope of any test or treatment agreement, except in emergencies. There is continued debate about the extent of information that should be provided to a particular patient regarding a proposed test or procedure. For example, patients may not always be able to appreciate technical information and for that reason it is sometimes tempting to oversimplify accounts of medical tests and treatmen ts. seek also shows that many people fail to recall central points of the information offered to them when they are told about medical tests and treatments.Nonetheless, as a matter of ethics and the law, it is better to err on the side of more explanation rather than less when it comes to the explanation of medical treatments, and this advice increases in importance as the degree of risk associated with a treatment increases. In practice, health professionals will encounter patients who signal that they do not wish to make decisions themselves. In some instances, patients may not wish to participate at all in discussions about their care, or their family members will make clear that they wish their relative to be protected from medical information (especially if bad news or risk is involved).Situations of this kind are a challenge to implementing practices of informed consent, but to the extent possible physicians should engage patients in discussions about the nature and consequen ces of their treatment. Parental consent is another issue in adoption. The birth mother does not have to consent to have their tike removed for their custody. acceptance is an ethical issue because there are many factor in the adoption process, and the outcome of the child during and afterwards. When the birth parents come into play, things get even more complicated.Many people adopt because they get financial aid from the government to help support the child, and the adoptive parents dont always use the bills for that child. It is important to provide all parties of the adoption with proper options and make sure no rights are violated. No child should be pulled out of their home unless there is a proper cause, and the child is in danger. another(prenominal) Problem that is often seen with adoption is that the birth parents decided they want the child, or want to be a part of the childs life. The courtyard and the adoptive parents have to decide if this is a good idea or not.In many cases it is not up to the kids, and they just get tossed where ever someone else feels necessary. adoption is governed by State law in the United States. Laws and practice in each State vary. No matter where the adoption takes place, overarching ethical considerations should be applied consistently. Consent refers to the agreement by a parent, or a person or agency acting in place of a parent, to relinquish a child for adoption and release all rights and duties with respect to that child. Consent to adoption is regulated by State statutes, not by Federal laws, and States differ in the way they regulate consent.In most States, the consent must be in writing and either witnessed and notarized or execute before a appraise or other designated official. In all States, the court may determine that consent of the parent is not needed under specific circumstances, including when enatic rights have been drive outd, the child has been abandoned, the parent has been convicted of speci fied crimes against the other parent or the child, the parent has failed to support or establish a significant relationship with the child, or the parent is mentally incompetent or unfit due to abuse or neglect.The court may terminate the rights of one or both parents for reasons including abandonment, failure to support the child, mental incompetence, or a finding of agnatic unfitness due to child abuse or neglect. An unwed fathers consent may not be needed if he has failed to establish legal paternity, is found to have abandoned or neglected the child or to be an unfit parent, or fails to respond to notice of an adoption proceeding. or so all States, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the northerly Mariana Islands, Puerto anti-racketeering law, and the U. S.Virgin Islands require that older children give consent to their adoption. round 25 States, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands set the age of consent at 14. Eighteen States, American Samoa, and Gua m require a childs consent at age 12, while six States, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Rico require consent of children age 10. In 11 States, the requirement can be dispensed with if the child lacks the mental capacity to consent. In 16 States and the Northern Mariana Islands, the court, in its discretion, may dispense with consent if it is in the best interests of the child.Colorado requires that the child be provided with counseling antecedent to giving consent. In Maryland, a court may grant an adoption only if the child to be adopted is represented by an attorney. The manner in which consent can be executed varies considerably. In many States, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, consent may be executed by a written statement witnessed and/or notarized by a notary public.Other States may require an appearance before a arbitrator or the filing of a petition of relinquishment. Some States req uire the parent to be provided with counseling, have his or her rights and the legal effect of relinquishment explained to him or her, or be provided with legal counsel prior to consent. In cases in which custody has previously been placed with an agency, the head of the agency may sign an affidavit of consent. In most States, a birth parent who is a minor is handle no differently than other birth parents.However, in some States, the minor parent must be provided with separate counsel prior to the execution of consent, or a guardian ad litem must be appointed to either analyze or execute the consent. In five States, Guam, and Puerto Rico, the consent of the minors parents must be obtained. word meaning is meant to create a permanent and stable home for a child therefore, a validly executed relinquishment and consent to adopt is intended to be final and irrevocable. As a result, the right of a birth parent to revoke consent is strictly limited. The territory of the U. S.Virgin Isl ands makes no provisions in statute for abrogation of consent Massachusetts and Utah specifically require that all consents are irrevocable. In most States, the law provides that consent may be revoked prior to the entry of the final adoption club under specific circumstances or within specified time limits. Idaho requires a parent who revokes consent to reimburse the adoptive parents for any expenses they may have paid on his or her behalf. In Michigan, consent may not be revoked if the child has been placed with an adoptive family unless an appeal of a termination of parental rights proceeding is pending.Virginia permits one or both parents in a direct placement to waive the 7-day revocation period at the time of consent if the child is at least 10 days old and the waiving parent has received independent legal counsel. Waiver by one parent does not affect the right of the other parent to the revocation period. In all jurisdictions, consent becomes final and irrevocable once the court issues a final decree of adoption. Something else that has become a public issue is the consumption of cloned physical products. commonwealth want to know they are not eating something fake and man-made.A lot of cloning issues revolve around sentient beings and valet de chambre. Some people do not like this due to their apparitional beliefs because they dont think you should artificially create someone, and that its Gods will who is created. They also have a problem with the fact that once an embryo is conceived it is a human life, and researchers use them for research and do not preserve the life. The researches do not see the embryo as a human life, and conduct many test on them. Scientists do not view these experiments as people with strong religious beliefs. community often view this as a type of abortion because they are taking a life. People have decided that cloning today is unwise, and unnecessary, and in some cases criminal for humans, although in 2006 the govern ment sanction the distribution and consumption of cloned meats. This embossed significant objections because the public wasnt sure if they really wanted to be consuming cloned savages. Most of the ethical issues of cloning be it in animals or humans have been raised by the Catholic Church, as well as other religious organizations.They all strongly scar cloning as according to the religious belief life begins at conception and that life cannot be created artificially but from the unity of a man and a woman. At the same time, the church together with the other religious organizations argue against therapeutic cloning as well because, as mentioned above, they are channelise by the idea that life starts at the conception and once the embryo exists it must be treated as a person, and thus destroying embryos and using them only for the purpose of research is not consistent with the religious view on the issue.Concerns about cloning animals for food go beyond questions of food safety . In growth to concern for animal eudaimonia, many people have ethical and moral qualms about animal cloning. correspond to recent surveys, for example, 64 percent of Americans think cloning is morally wrong, and another 63 percent would not buy cloned food even it were labeled as safe. A fundamental argument of those who have ethical concerns about animal cloning is that just because scientists can clone animals for food, doesnt mean they should.The 2008 report by the Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production concluded that significant changes are needed in how farmed animals are raised in the U. S. , but cloning would move us in the opposite direction. Cloning promotes the objectification and commoditization of animals, treating these living sentient beings as mere machines for human manufacture.In addition, as the public becomes increasingly aware of the treatment of farmed animals, many are pertain that cloning highly productive animals exacerbates animal welfare problems, because these animals tend to suffer from painful infections of the udder, lameness, and other production-related diseases. In addition to concerns about animal welfare, many worry that the technology used to clone animals is the same that can be used to clone humans or produce transgenic animals, but the implications of such applications haveyet to be fully examined.Researchers in England and Australia have already backed proposals to create human-animal hybrids, for example by fusing a human cell to an animal ballock to create embryos that are 99. 9 percent human and 0. 1 percent rabbit. People are concerned that cloning represents a dangerous transgression of science. Many also feel that cloning is not native because, overall, cloning requires a significantly greater level of involvement and interference with animals reproductive performance than pompous production methods.Several religious groups, including from Protestant, Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, and Buddh ist faiths, have rejected animal cloning on ethical grounds. Cloning and genetic engineering are viewed by these groups as tantamount to playing God. Nearly 90 percent of Americans want the government to factor in ethical considerations when making a decision on animal cloning. Such discussions are taking place around the world, with countries such as Canada, Taiwan, Japan, and the European articulation saying they will consider the publics concerns about animal cloning before deciding if they will accept the technology.The European Commission, for example, asked the European Group on Ethics to issue an expert trust on the ethical implications of cloning animals for food. The group concluded in early 2008 that, particularly due to the animal suffering involved, it could find no ethical justification for cloning animals. The European Food prophylactic permit also concluded that, The health and welfare of a significant proportion of clones has been found to be adversely affected.I t was irresponsible for the FDA to allow cloned animals into the food supply without allowing similar discussions to take place in the U. S. Given the acrimony of the animal health problems associated with cloning, and the magnitude of ethical qualms Americans have with using the technology, there is both a pressure need and an overwhelming demand for the government to establish a proper regulatory framework to make do animal cloning, one that takes into consideration both ethics and science.In October 2006, AAVS joined with the Center for Food Safety and several other animal welfare, consumer, and environmental organizations to petition the FDA to establish an ethics Advisory commissioning, similar to ones set up to discuss human genetic technologies, to provide an opportunity for public participation and transparency in the animal cloning debate.An advisory committee, mirroring the Health and Human Services Secretarys Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society, which s erves as a public forum for deliberations on the broad societal issues raised by the development and use of genetic technologies in humans, would serve to deliberate both publicly and officially the ethical challenges presented by animal cloning.Though the FDA chose to deny the petition, AAVS continues to work with federal agencies and Congress to ensure that the animal welfare and ethical implications of cloning are fully considered before the moratorium on animal clones is lifted. As surveys have shown, the publics concerns for animal welfare and ethics have the potential to greatly impact the agricultural trade and foreign trade, and consumers should have a voice in how their food is produced. However, the FDA has stated that it will not require food from cloned animals to be labeled.That means that consumers who oppose animal cloning on animal welfare, religious, or moral grounds would be forced to unwittingly make purchases that violate their ethical principles. That is why AA VS is also financial backing legislation that would require food from cloned animals and their offspring, if they are approved for sale, to be labeled. Consumers have a right to know how their food was produced so they can make informed decisions about what they buy and what they feed their families.

Hobbes’ And Locke’s Political Philosophy Essay

On Hobbes policy-ma might PhilosophyHobbes scientistic philosophical system presupposed that hu troops being is the self-sufficient interpreter of the facts of life and that hu hu servicemans shtup correctly confine what the facts of life are. alike(p) to the Sophists, Hobbes insist that the knowable facts of life are scarce particular empirical things. Thus, Hobbes asseverate that universal words, such as good and evil, are incomprehensible to man in the objective consciousness as rooted in literality. Because they are non-empirical and universal, they are absolute names. Like the Sophists, Hobbes was also a nominalist. Moreover, Hobbes asserted that metaphysical essences and metaphysical forms do non exist. perfections attri barelyes are merely names that man thinks would honor Him. Thus, like the Sophists, there is no inhering hierarchy tied to the essences or consumptions of things, save only a realm of vivid causes.For Hobbes, man existed individu all toldy in a get througher of character forward elegant judicature was formed. He asserted that human comparison is establish upon an empirical condition, namely power. serviceman in the bring up of constitution was obligated only to desire Peace by self-preservation. Hobbes embraced a controvert theory of emancipation. There was really no equity in the state of record because the obligation to seek peace was non declared from a higher power no angiotensin-converting enzyme had a record book in the state of nature to proclaim to him the will of almighty graven image. As one who believed in theologys existence, Hobbes scientistic epistemology and ontology forced him to embrace theological voluntarism.Ultimately, morals are grounded in the arbitrary will of God rather than His character. Hobbes postulated that the superior will and power are the only legitimate grounds of impartiality.1 In toll of what is good and evil, on the dot and un accountability-hand(a)eous, the infixed man in a state of nature did whatever he reasonably thought was veracious in his get eyes to preserve his life.If killing a nonher psyche was deemed necessary to preserve his life, then it was good and just in the sense that it preserved the peace. Thus, because good and evil, just and unjust are mere names whose meanings no one seat agree on, the state of nature is a state of war, every man against every man. And because man immanently avoids the risk of harm, he harness himself to preserve the peace.2For Hobbes, only civil fellowship has a supreme sovereign to give the citizens the standard they so desperately need to judge amongst good and evil, virtue and vice. For Hobbes, good and evil are non objective mentations rooted in reality that man kindle conceive and understand with his own mind. therein is the fountain from which springs forth the conflict of individual man in a state of nature.Man, as a risk avoider, compresss with his fellow man to leave the st ate of nature and create an artificial civil rescript in which a third party will act as the supreme power. Hobbes pointed, the will of the parties in their social covenant create their duties to each other and to the third party. The third party, the king, must cook for the society what is good and evil, just and unjust so that the cancel war of all against all will cease. The king, however, is not a party to the contract. The king has no contractual duty to the citizens, but only a natural duty to God to seek peace. The king seeks peace by deterring evildoers (the king defines who is evil) by wielding the sword and circumscribe free speech.Thus, any punishment meted out by the government is for the purpose of deterring wrongdoing, not retribution. That is, the evildoer is neither punished because he necessarily deserves it nor punished proportionally to his just desert, but because the punishment is an example to others how hard the king squeezes his duty to preserve the pea ce. Thus, logically, the king could repairly punish an innocent citizen. The only inalienable right the citizens puzzle is the natural right to preserve their life. Thus, they contracted to accompany the king they did not contract not to resist the king when being punished.In the state of nature, no man is obligated to heed another(prenominal) persons opinion or power. Every person has a right to all things, to define what is good and what is evil, even to kill a person if one does not trust him. For Hobbes, the primary sum of achieving peace is by creating an artificial society through individual covenantal relationships (Ibid, 66).In De Cive, Hobbes defined a contract as the act of two, or more, mutually conveying their rights and a covenant as that which involves promises that bind one to arrange in the prospective (Ibid, 35-36). Hobbes political theory involves more of a social covenant idea than a social contract. save he does tend to use the two terms interchangeably, a s is evidence below, perhaps signifying both that rights are given up and that one is bound to perform in the future with the creation of civil society out of the state of nature.3Most assuredly, Hobbes political philosophy is a expression for a tyrannical and oppressive government Similar to the Sophists, Hobbes scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality found upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in mans self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism.In addition, because the social contract or covenant is made with each other and not with the sovereign, the sovereign has no obligation to the people that arises from the social contract. The only obliga tion the absolute sovereign king has is to God. In Leviathan, Hobbes discusses why a king with such absolute power will not take all, spoil all, kill all. Hobbes states Though by right, that is, without injury to them, he may do it, yet can he not do it justly, that is, without breach of the natural laws, and injury against God. And therefore there is some protective covering for subjects in the oaths which princes take.4Hobbes seems to say that the king would not be seeking peace, the one obligation of the natural law, if he sought to take all, spoil all, and kill all. But if the king does abuse his power, the citizens have an inalienable right to resist death. For Hobbes, the citizens contracted or covenanted away their natural right to all things, but one the preservation of life.According to Hobbes, that is the one inalienable right that men have. In essence, men contract or covenant with each other that the king may kill them if they do not perform their contractual duty, not that they will not resist when then king attempts to kill them. Although the king can sin against God, in no situation is the right taken away from him, of slaying those who shall refuse to obey him.5 Moreover, the king has the right to judge what opinions and doctrines are enemies unto peace, and also that he forbid them to be taught.6 Hence, it is the sole purpose of having a civic government.On Lockes Political PhilosophyThe state of nature refers to the natural pre-political state of man. Except for the fact that Locke believed man naturally is a social person in a family, he agreed with Hobbes that man is not naturally a social being. Similar to Hobbes, civil society is not natural, but artificial. In a state of nature, man was free within the bounce of the natural law and was equal in power in relation to everyone else to act as judge in his own case and controversy with anyone else.The natural law obligates man to preserve himself to do no harm, and to preserve the friends hip in the absence of competition.7 Similar to Hobbes, Locke equated human equality with power. Although Locke believed in a positive view of freedom whereby man is free only within law, Locke failed to show that man could know the specifics of the natural law work out and thus, he failed to show that man really possessed a positive freedom in the state of nature. Do no harm does not provide such(prenominal) moral guidance. In reality, like Hobbes, for Locke man possessed a negative freedom.Locke stated state all men are naturally in is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another.8Similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke believed man began his existence in a state of nature. For Locke, the stat e of nature is divided into two historical stages. In the first stage, man had a natural property right over his own body. Everything else was naturally held in common. When a man labored over something that was held in common, he acquired property in it. Moreover, man had a natural right of subsistence, which was regulated by spoilage. In other words, what man possessed as property by commingle his labor with it was limited by what he could consume before spoiling. The second stage of the state of nature was initiated in by the invention and use of money.With the invention of money, man could enlarge his possessions way beyond what he could consume before spoiling. Money does not spoil. Although the use of money produced the unequal division of the earth, overall, Locke argues everyone is better off For Locke, mankind socially compacted to form civil society for several reasons first, some in the state of nature were ignorant of the law of nature, second some were biased by the am ount of property they had, third, there was no impartial judge to resolve disputes, and fourth, there was no third power to execute the law of nature. profound all of these reasons to form civil society is, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, mans self-interested passion to preserve himself.Because not one theoretical or practical principle is written on mans heart, the natural law is not written on mans heart. Because the natural law can be known only from a lawmaker, those who are ignorant of Gods existence because they fail to drill their reason are ignorant of the natural law. For those who do apply their reason and come to know of Gods existence and the natural law, Locke claimed that they could know the natural law code as they could know the specifics of mathematics.But Locke never came close to showing that the specific moral code is capable of mathematical demonstration. Locke extremely overestimated how much moral knowledge his empiricist epistemology could deliver. Lock es empiricist epistemology could not demonstrate in detail what was good or evil, just or unjust For Locke, mans conscience is nothing other than his own opinion of what is right and wrong. Thus, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke was essentially a skeptic.Gods natural law governs his creatures. Although Locke wrote of Gods right and authority to rule over his creatures, Locke never justifies his assertion. Locke never demonstrated that God was anything except the most respectable being that could compel obedience through rewards and punishments. Lockes empiricist epistemology does not allow him to draw the distinction between authority and mere power. Thus, like Hobbes, punishment for Locke was merely deterrence.Moreover, because Locke was so consumed with, and analyzed so thoroughly, the empiricist epistemology of natural law, Locke demonstrates clearer than Hobbes that scientism couple with a belief in God leads to nothing but theological voluntarism, i.e., the law is ul timately grounded in Gods almighty will, not His steadfast character, such that God can will anything to be moral. Thus, whoever embraces an empiricist epistemology and at the same time, acknowledges God as the ultimate lawgiver, will be left with nothing but theological voluntarism. Thus, scientistic modernism destroyed the firm and unchanging foundation of civil law and the only real restraint to civil tyranny, namely, a natural law grounded in Gods eternal and unchanging character.Similar to Hobbes, the source of civil governmental power for Locke is the consent of the people. There are two natural powers that are given to civil society, the legislative and executive. The legislative power in any civil government is superior over the executive because it gives the laws to the executive. Some of mans natural executive power is retained. This is so because mans natural right of self-preservation is inalienable, i.e., it cannot be given over to civil government.Thus, men in civil s ociety have a right to resist the civil government if, after a long train of abuses, their opinion on the basis of their feelings grounded in their experience is that the civil government has go against the natural law. The civil governmental authority puts itself into a state of war with the people when it repeatedly violates the natural law. Tyranny occurs when the civil government acts out of its own self-interest and does not protect the property of the people. Lockes theory of civil resistance is weak, however, because he failed to demonstrate that the specific code of the natural law is knowable.9Similar to Hobbes, Lockes empiricist epistemology made the end of civil government empirical, i.e., the self-preservation of the people. Lockes theory of civil resistance is based upon the personal opinions of the people. Thus, Locke could support that notion that the civil government should tolerate every spectral opinion that does not threaten the peoples physical property.10Moreo ver, Locke placed most religious beliefs in the realm of mere opinions. For Locke, only a few religious propositions were within the realm of demonstrative knowledge. Overall, Lockes theory of religious toleration is a two-edged sword. In a sense, it encouraged theological relativism. In another sense, it allowed religious liberty, albeit plain equating toleration with liberty (negative freedom).Finally, if Hobbes political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together under one sovereign power, then Lockes political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together by balancing their opinions with the civil governments. Thus, contrary to Hobbes, Locke believed that a little civil resistance now and then is a good thing.Although Lockes political philosophy guards against tyranny better than the political philosophy of the Sophists and Hobbes, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Lockes scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philos ophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in mans self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism.BIBILIOGRAPHYHobbes, Thomas. Leviathan Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, ed. Michael Oakeshott. New York Simon &. Schuster, Inc., 1997.Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1988.1 Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil (New York Simon &. Schuster, Inc., 1997), 54-63)2 Ibid, 72-77.3 Ibid, 11-21.4 Ibid, 77.5 Ibid, 79.6 Ibid, 76.7 Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1988) 2 83-290.8 Ibid, 263.9 Ibid, 290-292.10 Ibid.